General

  1. Brosseau L, et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the hand. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003. 3(CD004377).
  2. Casimiro, L., et al., Acupuncture and electroacupuncture for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005(4): p. Cd003788.
  3. Dubinsky, R.M. and J. Miyasaki, (2010). “Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review)”: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 2010. 74(2): p. 173-6
  4. Jin, D. M., et al. (2010). "Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation onsymptomatic diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials." Diabetes Res Clin Pract 89(1): 10-15.
  5. Johnson, M.I. and J.M. Bjordal, (2011).” Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of painful conditions: focus on neuropathic pain”. Expert Rev Neurother, 2011. 11(5): p. 735-53.
  6. Khan, M. U. (2012). "Is there a role for Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation application in the control of diabetes mellitus in insulin-dependent patients?" Singapore Med J 53(11): e249-250.
  7. Osiri, M., et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for knee osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2000(4): p. Cd002823.
  8. Pieber, K., et al. (2010). "Electrotherapy for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a review." J Rehabil Med 42(4):
  9. Snyder, M. J., et al. (2016). "Treating Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: An Update." Am Fam Physician 94(3): 227-234
  10. Wirsing, P. G., et al. (2015). "Wireless microcurrent stimulation--an innovative electrical stimulation method for the treatment of patients with leg and diabetic foot ulcers." Int Wound J 12(6): 693-698
  11. Ying, K.N. and A. While, Pain relief in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Br J Community Nurs, 2007. 12(8): p. 364-71.
  12. Arai, Y.C., et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation at the PC-5 and PC-6 acupoints reduced the severity of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth, 2008. 100(1): p. 78-81.
  13. Arendt, K.W. and J.A. Tessmer-Tuck, Nonpharmacologic labor analgesia. Clin Perinatol, 2013. 40(3): p. 351-71.
  14. Bedwell, C., et al., The use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in labour: a review of the evidence. Midwifery, 2011. 27(5): p. e141-8.
  15. Binder, P., et al., Hi- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation combined with PCA-morphine as post Cesarean pain relief. Midwifery, 2011. 27(4): p. 547-52.
  16. Chao, A.S., et al., Pain relief by applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on acupuncture points during the first stage of labor: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial. Pain, 2007. 127(3): p. 214-20.
  17. Dionisi, B. and R. Senatori, Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postpartum dyspareunia treatment. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2011. 37(7): p. 750-3.
  18. Dowswell, T., et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(2): p. Cd007214.
  19. Keskin, E.A., et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improves low back pain during pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest, 2012. 74(1): p. 76-83.
  20. Mello, L.F., L.F. Nobrega, and A. Lemos, Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for pain relief during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Fisioter, 2011. 15(3): p. 175-84. 95
  21. Ngan Kee, W.D., Prevention of maternal hypotension after regional anaesthesia for caesarean section. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2010. 23(3): p. 304-9.  
  22. Pitangui, A.C., et al., High-frequency TENS in post-episiotomy pain relief in primiparous puerpere: a randomized, controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2012. 38(7): p. 980-7.
  23. Peng, T., et al., Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on acupoints relieves labor pain: a non-randomized controlled study. Chin J Integr Med, 2010. 16(3): p. 234-8.
  24. Rooks, J.P., Labor pain management other than neuraxial: what do we know and where do we go next? Birth, 2012. 39(4): p. 318-22.

 

MCS - Microcurrent Stimulation

  1. Chang N, Van Hoff H, Bockx E, et al. The effect of electric currents on ATP generation, protein synthesis, and membrane transport in rat skin. Clinical Orthopedics. 1982;171:264-72.
  2. Heffernan M. The effect of variable microcurrents on EEG spectrum and pain control. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine. 1997;4(10):4-11.
  3. Kirsch DL. Electromedicine: the other side of physiology. A Practical Guide for Clinicians. 2002..
  4. Lambert, M. I., P. Marcus, T. Burgess, And T. D. Noakes.(2002) “ Electro-membrane microcurrent therapy reduces signs and symptoms of muscle damage”. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 602–607, 2002.
  5. Lee, B. Y., et al. (2009). "Ultra-low microcurrent in the management of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic wounds: report of twelve cases and discussion of mechanism of action." Int J Med Sci 7(1): 29-35.
  6. Nordenstrom BEW. Biologically Closed Electric Circuits; Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for an Additional Circulatory System. Stockholm: Nordic Medical Publications. 1983.
  7. Nordenstrom BEW. Exploring BCEC-Systems (Biologically Closed Electric Circuits). Stockholm: Nordic Medical Publications. 1998.
  8. Pert, CB. Molecules of Emotions. New York: Touchtone. 1997.
  9. Poltawski,Watson. Bioelectricity and microcurrent therapy for tissue healing – a narrative review. 2009
  10. Smith RB. Is microcurrent stimulation effective in pain management? An additional perspective. American Journal of Pain Management. 2001;11(2):62-66.
  11. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004.

 

NMS - NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION

  1. Banerjee PC, B.; Crowe, L.; Clark, A.: Prolonged electrical muscle stimulation exercise improves strength and aerobic capacity in healthy sedentary adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005, 99(6):2307-2311.
  2. Behringer M, Moser M, McCourt M, Montag J, Mester J: A promising approach to effectively reduce cramp susceptibility in human muscles: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. PLoS One 2014, 9(4):e94910.
  3. Benito_Martinez: Effect of combined electrostimulation and plyometric training on 30 meters dash and triple jump Sports MedPhys Fitness 2013(53):387-395.
  4. Brandt C, Pedersen BK: The Role of Exercise-Induced Myokines in Muscle Homeostasis and the Defense against Chronic Diseases. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010, 2010:1-6.
  5. Caulfield B, Prendergast A, Rainsford G, Minogue C: Self directed home based electrical muscle stimulation training improves exercise tolerance and strength in healthy elderly. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2013, 2013:7036-7039.
  6. Cheung LC, Jones AY: Effect of Acu-TENS on recovery heart rate after treadmill running exercise in subjects with normal health. Complement Ther Med 2007, 15(2):109-114.
  7. Filipovic A, Kleinoder H, Dormann U, Mester J: Electromyostimulation--a systematic review of the influence of training regimens and stimulation parameters on effectiveness in electromyostimulation training of selected strength parameters. J Strength Cond Res 2011, 25(11):3218-3238.
  8. Filipovic A, Kleinoder H, Dormann U, Mester J: Electromyostimulation--a systematic review of the effects of different electromyostimulation methods on selected strength parameters in trained and elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012, 26(9):2600-2614.
  9. Filipovic A, Kleinoder H, Pluck D, Hollmann W, Bloch W, Grau M: Influence of Whole-Body Electrostimulation on Human Red Blood Cell Deformability. J Strength Cond Res 2015, 29(9):2570-2578.
  10. Giggins OMC, Louis; Coughlan, Garrett F.; Caulfield, Brian: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation exercise: a potential alternative to conventional exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. British Journal of Diabetes 2017, 17(2).
  11. .Grosset JF, Crowe L, De Vito G, O'Shea D, Caulfield B: Comparative effect of a 1 h session of electrical muscle stimulation and walking activity on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in obese subjects. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013, 38(1):57-65.
  12. Hidmark, A., et al. (2017). "Electrical Muscle Stimulation Induces an Increase of VEGFR2 on Circulating Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Patients With Diabetes." Clin Ther 39(6): 1132-1144 e1132.
  13. Humpert, P. M., et al. (2009). "External electric muscle stimulation improves burning sensations and sleeping disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic neuropathy." Pain Med 10(2): 413-419.
  14. Kemmler W, Weissenfels A, Willert S, Shojaa M, von Stengel S, Filipovic A, Kleinoder H, Berger J, Frohlich M: Efficacy and Safety of Low Frequency Whole-Body Electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) to Improve Health-Related Outcomes in Non-athletic Adults. A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2018, 9:573.
  15. Kern H: Die Elektrostimulation im Sport und in der Rehabilitation. European Journal Translational Myology 2011, 21 (3&4):123-174
  16. Kern H, Carraro U, Adami N, Biral D, Hofer C, Forstner C, Modlin M, Vogelauer M, Pond A, Boncompagni S et al: Home-based functional electrical stimulation rescues permanently denervated muscles in paraplegic patients with complete lower motor neuron lesion. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010, 24(8):709-721.
  17. Kern HB, L.; Lofler, S.; Sbardella, S.; Burggraf, S.; Fruhmann, H.; Carraro, U.; Mosole, S.; Sarabon, N.; Vogelauer, M.; Mayr, W.; Krenn, M.; Cvecka, J.; Romanello, V.; Pietrangelo, L.; Protasi, F.; Sandri, M.; Zampieri, S.; Musaro, A.: Electrical stimulation counteracts muscle decline in seniors. Front Aging Neurosci 2014, 6:189.
  18. Lai HS, Domenico GD, Strauss GR: The Effect of Different Electro-Motor Stimulation Training Intensities on Strength Improvement. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1988, 34(3):151-164.
  19. Lloyd, T: A Review of the Use of Electro-Motor Stimulation in Human Muscles;. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1986, 32,(1).
  20. Pinar S, Kaya F, Bicer B, Erzeybek MS, Cotuk HB: Different recovery methods and muscle performance after exhausting exercise: comparison of the effects of electrical muscle stimulation and massage. Biol Sport 2012, 29(4):269-275.
  21. Stein, C., et al. (2013). "Electrical stimulation and electromagnetic field use in patients with diabetic neuropathy: systematic review and meta-analysis." Braz J Phys Ther 17(2): 93-104.
  22. Taifour AM : Isokinetic and isometric strength after electrical stimulation on Judo players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 2013, 13(3):400 - 408,.
  23. Watanabe K, Taniguchi Y, Moritani T: Metabolic and cardiovascular responses during voluntary pedaling exercise with electrical muscle stimulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014, 114(9):1801-1807.
  24. Zuim PRG, A. R.; Turcio, K. H.; Hamata, M. M.: Evaluation of microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) effectiveness on muscle pain in temporomandibular disorders patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2006, 14(1):61-66.